The indeterminacy of translation is a philosophical idea proposed by Willard Van Orman Quine. According to it there is no single „right” translation of one language into another and instead one may create many translations which – although inconsistent with each other – provide us with equally good tool of communication with an user of the translated language; and there is no objective way to remove such indeterminacy.
The idea is closely related to another idea – underdetermination of scientific theory. Two scientific theories which describe the world in different terms and postulate existence of different entities, while literally contradictious are somehow equivalent by the fact that they both foresee the same set of observations.
(more at Wikipedia)
To visualise the idea and bring it into the field of generative poetry I have translated a poem by as a generator (based on my previous algorythmic poems), which composes 133920 different possible translations of the Polish original into English.
(select desired poet/language-pair above then change tab to generator
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Летний вечер тих и ясен;
Посмотри, как дремлют ивы;
Запад неба бледно-красен,
И реки блестят извивы.
От вершин скользя к вершинам,
Ветр ползет лесною высью.
Слышишь ржанье по долинам?
То табун несется рысью.
Поїдеш далеко,
Побачиш багато;
Задивишся, зажуришся,—
Згадай мене, брате!
W miesięcznej pełni srebrzystym fosforze,
po nieskończonej wód ciemnych roztoczy,
łódź z sennym wiosłem powoli się toczy,
wędrując kędyś samotna przez morze.
Na jej dnie, padłszy miękko jak na łoże,
naga, w księżyca mgławicy przezroczej,
na wznak, milcząco, z zamkniętymi oczy,
leży kobieta. Łódź płynie w bezdroże…
Wtem z wody morskiej ciemnych, cichych głębi
wielki, potworny kształt dźwiga się, dębi: wodnika cielsko oślizgłe, miedziane
ku łodzi z nagą żeglarką podpływa
i wpija oczy w nią obłędne, szklane,
a ona lezy senna czy nieżywa…
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+ | cichy, jasny; |
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$ := „Zachód nieba blado-krasny,”
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+ | wyżynach, |
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Wiatr | + |
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+ | leśną głuszę. |
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Słyszysz rżenie po dolinach? |
To tabun niesie się kłusem. |
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+ | Szternbergowi |
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+ | daleko, |
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+ | ; |
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Zadziwisz się, | + |
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+ | się,— |
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+ | mnie, bracie! |
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probability = 0.8: | In | + |
plenilunium argent silver silvern moons' silvery crescentsilverish metallic full moons' phosphor — silver
silvern | + | lumination |
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probability = 0.2: | In full moons' monthly, silvery radiance |
over through the | + | infinite | + |
dark waters dispersal spread of the dark waters |
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-al: | a boat | + |
walks by oar, the lackadaisicalrolls slowly walks , somnolent is its' oar
rolls |
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-ters: | a | + |
dreamy boats'sleepy drowsy boats' dreamy
sleepy drowsy |
+ | oar soft waterscape scatters |
wandering | + | somewhere the sea | + | -ation: | alone in flotation. |
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-ance: |
it slowly* advances.
lazily |
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* Unless slowlyalready appeared in previus verse. |
At its ground fallen, | + |
(1) pure, in a nakedness, (2) like onto a soft bed, |
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probability = 0.8: | under moons' airy in moons' vaporous |
+ | transparent translucent |
+ | nebula, | |||
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probability = 0.2: |
(1): within (2): nude, in |
+ | a halo of full-moons' |
on her back, mutely, eyes-closed, lunular, | ||||
lays woman. The boat flows | + |
(1): into the pathless (2): softly and misled |
+ | … |
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Suddenly from seawater dark silent depths All of the sudden, from dark, quiet, deep sea |
huge monstreous shadow, oak-sized emerges: shape strange, enormous emerges in oak-size: |
Aquarius slimy copperlike caracass a copper body of slimy Aquarius |
toward the boat | + | with nude sailoress with nude sailor girl of the nude sailor |
+ | swims up |
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and sinks | + |
into her, brainsick, his glassy eyes* his glassy, brainsick eyes into her * first variant is always used if verse 10 ends with emerges |
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She lays motionless, and she just lays in, | + |
sleepy drowsy | + | or not alive… |
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Total 62 × 20 × 108 = 133920 combinations.